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Full Disclosure 2016

Sasol LimitedUpdated

Key questions shareholders should ask

Environmental non-compliances reported by affected communities, the media, & NGOs

2016 update

Sasol is mentioned in an article titled “Big polluters buy time on emissions”,1 published in the Mail & Guardian newspaper in February 2016. The article deals with the negotiations entered into between the South African government and big polluters regarding compliance with air quality legislation, and the fact that the communities affected by the pollution do not have any say in these negotiations.

The article states as follows in relation to Sasol:

By 2010 a version of the law was promulgated that set strict limits for factories, forcing them to progressively lower their emissions of dangerous gases such as sulphur dioxide. It would come into force by 2015.

But in 2013 both Sasol and Eskom – the largest air polluters in the country – said they would not meet the deadlines. Several companies asked for exemptions. The law did not allow for this, but a loophole did allow companies to apply for postponements in complying.

Civil society says this is the point at which government caved in. David Hallowes, of nongovernmental environment group groundWork, says: “Offsets were then produced, like a rabbit from a conjuror’s hat, to condone noncompliance.

In return for getting more time to comply with the law, companies were told to produce road maps for compliance – and proposals for projects they could do in the meantime to offset their ongoing emissions.”2

The article quotes Samson Mokoena of the Vaal Environmental Justice Alliance as stating:

Government and companies have agreed that it is okay for factories to keep making people sick, as long as those factories pick up government’s slack.

In a report published in March 2016 in the City Press newspaper, Sasol is accused of accidentally discharging highly toxic and polluted water onto grazing land, resulting in the loss of 50 cattle over 5 years.3 While Sasol reportedly admitted that there had been a crack in one of its pollution dams in December 2013 which had forced Sasol “to release contaminated water into the water system that runs along Templemore’s western boundary [the affected landowner] and into the local Kleinspruit River”, the landowner and cattle owner reportedly “maintain that the widespread pollution on the property is not from the one leak in December 2013, but due to an ongoing problem of chemicals leaking from the ash dams and dump sites on Sasol’s property”.4

Full Disclosure 2015

Parliamentary hearings and questions

Parliamentary Committee public hearings in 2009 on the issue of climate change featured a submission by the Sasolburg Air Monitoring Committee. A representative of this committee, Ms Lerato Maregele, stated that there were major health challenges as a result of the Sasolburg refinery, including babies born infected by the air pollution in the area and people becoming ill. She further stated that provincial government was not doing its job and patients suffering from respiratory diseases were not receiving proper medical attention. An ANC member stated in this meeting that she had gone into the Sasolburg area and invited the management of Sasol and the community to a meeting to see what could be done. She further stated that through its actions and processes parliament should be able to make reductions in Sasol’s emissions.5

In its response to Full Disclosure,Sasol referred to “independent air quality assessments” conducted by the company, and stated that:

Sasol records and carefully considers every complaint regarding health impacts potentially caused by its facilities and provides feedback to the party who made the complaint. Most commonly, multiple cause exist for health ailments which are not demonstrated to be related to Sasol activities.

In a parliamentary question and answer from 2009, a Mr JJ van R Koornhof of COPE asked the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs:

Whether her department laid any criminal charges against any individuals or companies with regard to the pollution of any of the perennial river catchment areas running into the Kruger National Park during the period 1 January 2009 up to the latest specified date for which information is available; if not, why not; if so, what are the relevant details.

The Minister responded as follows:

No, My Department has not laid any criminal charges against any individuals or companies with regard to the pollution of any of the perennial river catchment areas running into the Kruger National Park to date.  My Department has identified alleged polluters and notices/directives have been issued.

One of the alleged polluters was Sasol Nitro, and in relation to the relevant “non-compliance letter or notice issued” the following information was provided, “section 19(3)6 and 53(1)7 for failing to take reasonable measures to prevent pollution and undertaking water use(s) activities without authorisation”. It was further noted that no directive had been issued to this operation and that the affected perennial river was the Selati.8

In its response to Full Disclosure, Sasol stated:

 …we wish to clarify that the report incorrectly reflects that Sasol Nitro was issued with a compliance letter or notice.

The facts are that the regulatory authority issued the former Sasol Nitro Phalaborwa facility with a directive in terms of sections 19(3) and 53(1) of the National Water Acat on 28 July 2010. Although it referred to section 19(3), there was no allegation in the directive that Sasol had polluted any catchment. Rather the directive was focused soley on an alleged failure to hold a water use entitlement.

The directive was shown to be both procedurally defective and baseless. We informed the DWS … of this in writing on 18 August 2010.

At all times we operated under our existing lawful water use. The DWS conceded in a letter dated 21 July 2011 that we had proved our existing lawful water use and had therefore complied with the directive. No further action was subsequently taken by the Department.

In a 2010 parliamentary question and answer, a member of the Democratic Alliance asked the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs:

Whether the department has (a) issued any (i) notices of non-compliance or (ii) directives or (b) brought any criminal charges against Sasol since 1 January 2009; if not, why not; if so, what are the relevant details?

The Minister responded:

A comprehensive compliance inspection was undertaken at the facility as part of the strategic compliance monitoring project focusing on the Refineries Sector.  The findings of this inspection were issued to the facility in July 2009 and Sasol was provided with an opportunity to make representations in response to these findings.  These representations, including a significant volume of information in the form of reports, have now been reviewed by the Department.  Further clarity is being requested on a number of issues in order for the Department to make a final decision on the compliance approach required.  It is important to note that such an approach will also involve the provincial authority as well as the relevant municipality.9

In a 2011 meeting on the National Climate Change Response Green Paper 2010, it was noted that Sasol and Eskom were the two chief emitters of greenhouse gases in South Africa.10

Leeu-Taaiboschspruit Forum

The minutes of meetings of the Leeu-Taaiboschspruit Forum (a forum engaged in by stakeholders of the Leeu-Taaiboschspruit Catchment area in the Free State, including Sasol) also contain information on Sasol’s environmental compliance record:

Meeting date: 14 August 2014

Pollution incidents

On the 22 July 2014 there was a [sic] an overflow of raw sewage from Harry Gwala pump station which is channelled through a trench excavated to direct the over flowing raw sewage into wetland which connects to an unknown tributary which flows to the Taaibosspruit then to the Vaal River. The pump station is connected to the Sasol infrachem [sic] Wastewater treatment plant.

The overflow started after Municipal maintenance personnel went on strike which is still ongoing. The pump station is connected to the Sasol Bio works where all sewage is directed to for treatment.11

In its response to Full Disclosure, Sasol explained that the incident referred to here:

refers to an instance where on 22 Jul 2014 a municipal pump station failed in Metsimaholo. This forms part of the municipal infrastructure that transfers domestic sewage to the Sasol waste water treatment works for treatment and discharge. By design and since the start-up of our plant in Sasolburg, we provide serage treatment services to the municipality at our bio-works (sewerage treatment plant). The municipality retains responsibility for the management of the transfer of sewerage to our treatment plant as well as for the erlated services infrastructure outside our plant. Transfer of custody and control over the domestic sewage occurs at the inlet to the Sasol sewerage works. Final discharge, after treatment and re-use of the treated water is done under a DWS authorisation and the quality is strictly controlled and reported on by Sasol. The incidents referred to in the CER report thus do not relate to, or arise from, Sasol’s operations in Sasolburg but have impacted Sasol’s land as the pollution runs over Sasol property down to the Taaiboschpruit. Sasol has engaged the Municipality regarding these matters for resolution and has also reported on this to the LTCF.

Meeting date: 14 November 2014

Pollution incidents

Ann Naidoo from Sasol mentioned that there was a de-sludging of reservoirs and while this process was going on, some sludge seeped through into the Metsimaholo area and went into the Leeu Taaibosch spruit. This has been reported to the Department of Water Affairs. The main substance of the sludge is consisting of sand and debris.12

In 2013 Sasol refused to present to the Forum on a biomonitoring study carried out by the company on the following basis:

Meeting date: 15 August 2013

Biomonitoring study information is a confidential document and the organisation does not give confidential information to the organisation that are not registered with their organisation [sic].13

Waterval Forum

The minutes of meetings of the Waterval River Catchment Forum and the Waterval Forum Management Committee also contain a number of reports on pollution by Sasol. The Waterval River Catchment Forum is one of the 13 catchment forums which was established in the Upper Vaal Water Management Area. Secunda is located in the Waterval River Catchment.14

Meeting Date: 19 February 2009

T. Thimisha (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.) indicated that Sasol Synfuels has complied most of the time during last quarter based on the conditions on [sic] the Water Use License.15

…

J.Linde (Sasol) indicated the following points regarding compliance in Sasol Synfuels:

The RESM16 totally complied with the Water Use License conditions with regards to Ammonia, COD17 and Sulphate except Phosphate because the process is not designed to remove Phosphate.

Conductivity in RESM 7 is usually high in winter due to low flow.

Water Quality in RESM 10 is improving.

Sasol Synfuels is busy with the action plan to lower Ammonia.18

Meeting Date: 20 August 2009

Sasol Synfuels:

They had several spillages during this quarter and the Department was notified with [sic] all the spillages. Some investigations were still on [sic] progress and some causes of pollution were identified. The report will be sent to the Department. It was also mentioned that they managed to comply 100% with the discharge of waste water during this quarter according to their licence.19

Meeting Date: 19 November 2009

Sasol Synfuels:

Sasol had several spillages during this quarter and the Department was notified about the spillages.

It was also mentioned that there is a risk identified – the factory is sitting on a watershed, therefore if the southern side pollution is not contained it runs into the natural environment. Currently the feasibility study is undergoing. Sasol indicated that they have written a letter to municipality as they experience high flows during rainy days and suspect infiltration. It was mentioned that communities needs [sic] to be made aware of the effects of infiltration so that such incidences should be avoided.20

Sasol Mining:

There was an incident on the 23rd November and it was reported to DWA and the problem was fixed. It is either the mine will prepare a presentation in the next forum or make information available on their water uses.21

Meeting Date: 18 February 2010

Sasol Synfuels:

Sasol had several spillages during this quarter and the Department was notified about all the spillages.

It was also mentioned that there is a contamination from the southern side of the plant through the pipe and polluting the water resource.

Chair requested Sasol to relook at their Sewage works.22

Meeting Date: 20 May 2010

Sasol Synfuels:

Sasol had a spillage at the south side of the factory the pipeline leaked and it happened in March but the source could not be identified. This had an impact on the water quality at Resm 1 and 10.23

Meeting Date: 19 May 2011

Sasol Synfuels

Jaco (Sasol) indicated that they were several pollution incidents and they were all reported to DWA. He indicated that they always report the pollution incident to the Department and followed by a proper report thereafter.24

Meeting Date: 18 August 2011

Water Quality Report DWA:

…

Sasol Synfuels water quality standard they have water use license [sic] and there where [sic] measured according to their conditions in their license. Further mentioned that they are not complying with conductivity and total dissolve solid.

Secunda sewage works not complying with total Cali form.25

Sasol Synfuels

One incident occurred in Synfuels and an incident report was compiled and submitted to the Department.26

Meeting Date: 17 November 2011

Sasol Synfuels

One incident happened in October 2011 at Sasol Synfuels, it was identified during inspection. Currently they are in a process to clean the pollution.

At Sewage plant they had a green drop in view of the fact that the plant is not registered.27

Sasol Mining

It was reported that one of underground storage compartment facilities started linking in [sic] extent that it flooded the part of the mine.28

Meeting Date: 16 February 2012

Sasol Synfuels

J Linde (Sasol) indicated that there were several pollution incidents and they were all reported to DWA. He indicated that they always report the pollution incident to the Department and followed by a proper report thereafter.29

Meeting Date: 23 August 2012

Sasol Synfuels

… in most of the variables they are complying except for E- coli.30

Meeting Date: 21 February 2013

Sasol Synfuels:

J Linde (Sasol) gave water quality presentation as attached in the minutes

…

On the 15 December 2012 there was an incident but they could not locate the sources of the incident.31

Sasol mining:

On the 15 February 2013 there was a pollution incident whereby control dam collapsed, they pumped water to underground. The incident was picked up early and contained.

The forum wanted to know if there was any water monitoring to see if it went to the water streams. Representative answered that it was picked up early and contained before it went to the water streams.32

Meeting Date: 23 February 2013

Sasol Synfuels:

J Steynberg (Sasol) reported that RESM 1 there was one incident which occurred 02 March 2013; it was caused by rainy event however when the rain cooled down everything went back to normal.33

Meeting Date: 22 August 2013

Water quality report DWA

All the samples taken at Sasol Synfuels for the past three months are complying except for RESM 12, there was non-compliance of conductivity and total dissolved solids the past two months.34

Sasol Synfuels

J Steynberg reported that RESM 1 was complying with all the variables.

RESM 12 – there was non- compliance of conductivity the past three months.

The sewages works was complying the past three (03) months.35

Meeting Date: 21 November 2013

Sasol Secunda

No incident at RESM 1 for the period of November 2013 to January 2014.

RESM 10 – there was non-compliance of conductivity the past three (03) months.

RESM 12 – there was non-compliance of conductivity during November 2013.36

Meeting Date: 22 May 2014

Sasol Secunda

J Steynberg (Sasol) reported that RESM 1 there was one incident which occurred 04 February 2014; impact from mining operations.

There was a pollution incident on the 24 February 2014, dislodged coupling from seepage interception collection pump at Sasol Nitro.

There was a pollution incident on the 4-6 March 2014, heavy rainfall over plant area (150mm) multiple contributing factors including Nhlapo dam pump malfunction. Small flow entering the Bossiespruit.

RESM 9 interception weir overflows into Bossiespruit.

Flow from the Groot Bossiespruit (RESM12).37

Meeting Date: 21 August 2014

Sasol Secunda

J Steynberg reported that RESM 1 limit was exceeded on three occasions during the reporting period. The reason for each exceedance was due to burst pipeline at mining, burst pipeline SCS and pipeline leak from factory.

RESM 7 – most of the variables were complying except for conductivity the past three months.38

Media reports

Pollution caused by Sasol has also been reported on in the media. In a 2009 news article, it was noted that the maximum allowable levels of PM10 (particulate matter) had been exceeded in the Vaal Triangle that year and that Sasol’s Sasolburg plant was regarded as one of the top three polluters in the region. A member of Earthlife Africa, a South African environmental organisation, was recorded as stating that residents near this plant were suffering from respiratory-related illness. It was further noted that campaigners were alleging that Sasol was concealing information and wanted the company to release its own pollution records. A member of the Sasolburg Air Quality Monitoring Committee stated that there had been a huge discrepancy between Sasol’s monitoring levels and those of government.39

In late 2014, it was reported that a farmer in Secunda had accused Sasol of causing the death of 60 of his cattle through water pollution.40 In July 2015, Sasol Secunda’s sewerage works were implicated in the pollution of the Watervals River. A representative of Rand Water stated, “(i)t is well known that the river is quite polluted due to the poor performance of the sewerage works at Embalenhle, gold mining and Sasol Secunda.”41

Litigation

In 2014, Sasol instituted proceedings against the Minister of Environmental Affairs and the National Air Quality Officer to set aside new air quality standards, known as the ‘minimum emission standards’. These standards are applicable to the activities of Sasol and other large industrial polluters and require a reduction in the level of harmful pollutants emitted by industry. Alongside the commencement of this litigation, Sasol also applied for a postponement from compliance with most of the standards. In early 2015, Sasol’s application for postponement was granted. Shortly afterwards, Sasol withdrew its litigation seeking to set aside the standards.42

  1. http://mg.co.za/article/2016-02-04-big-polluters-buy-time-on-emissions (last accessed on 7 November 2016).
  2. http://mg.co.za/article/2016-02-04-big-polluters-buy-time-on-emissions (last accessed on 7 November 2016).
  3. "Poisoned water", City Press, 17-03-2016, available at http://city-press.news24.com/News/poisoned-water-20160312 (last accessed on 7 November 2016).
  4. "Poisoned water", City Press, 17-03-2016, available at http://city-press.news24.com/News/poisoned-water-20160312 (last accessed on 7 November 2016).
  5. ‘Climate Change: Public Hearings Day 1’, available at http://pmg.org.za/report/20091117-climate-change-sustainable-development-public-hearings (last accessed on 7 August 2015).
  6. Directive issued in terms of section 19(3) of the National Water Act.
  7. Directive issued in terms of section 53(1) of the National Water Act.
  8. Question No. 1823, Date of publication in internal question paper: 23 October 2009, available at http://pmg.org.za/questions-and-replies/2009/11/05/question-repiles-no-1801-1825 (last accessed on 7 August 2015).
  9. Question No. 1280, Date of publication:26 April 2010 http://pmg.org.za/questions-and-replies/2010/05/11/questions-replies-no-1276-1300 (last accessed on 7 August 2015).
  10. National Climate Change Response Green Paper 2010: Department of Environmental Affairs briefing, available at http://pmg.org.za/report/20110222-department-environmental-affairs-dea-national-climate-change-response (last accessed on 7 August 2015).
  11. Minutes of the 55th Leeu-Taaiboschspruit Forum meeting held on 14 August 2014 at Safripol, Sasolburg, at p3-4, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaalbarrage/leeutaai_forum/leeutaai_forum_minutes/LTF_Minutes_14Aug2014.pdf
  12. Minutes of the Leeu-Taaiboschspruit Forum Meeting held on 13 November 2014 at Omnia, at p2, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaalbarrage/leeutaai_forum/leeutaai_forum_minutes/LTF_Minutes_13Nov2014.pdf
  13. Minutes of the 58th Leeu-Taaiboschspruit Forum meeing held on 15 August 2013 at Safripol, Sasolburg, at p2, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaalbarrage/leeutaai_forum/leeutaai_forum_minutes/LTF_Minutes_15Aug2013.pdf
  14. ‘Development of an Integrated Water Quality Management Plan for the Vaal River System: Water Quality Management Strategy, September 2009’, at pii, available at https://www.dwa.gov.za/projects/vaal/documents/VaalIWQMPTask8WQMStrategyReportFinalSept2009.pdf
  15. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting held on 19th February 2009, at Roses Inn, Soutpansberg, Secunda, at p3, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_19feb2009.pdf
  16. Water quality monitoring point.
  17. Chemical Oxygen Demand.
  18. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting held on 19th February 2009, at Roses Inn, Soutpansberg, Secunda, at p4, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_19feb2009.pdf
  19. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting held on the 20th August 2009, at Govan Mbeki Municipality boardroom, at p3, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_20aug2009.pdf
  20. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting, held on the 19th November 2009, at Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, Secunda, at p4, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_19nov2009.pdf
  21. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting, held on the 19th November 2009, at Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, Secunda, at p5, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_19nov2009.pdf
  22. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting held on the 18th February 2010, at Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, Secunda, at p5, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_18feb2010.pdf
  23. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting held on the 20th May 2010, at Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, Secunda, at p4, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_20may2010.pdf
  24. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting held on the 19th May 2011, Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, at p3, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_19may2011.pdf
  25. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting, held on the 18th August 2011, Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, at p2, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_18aug2011.pdf
  26. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum Meeting held on the 18th August 2011, Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, at p2, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_18aug2011.pdf
  27. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting hled on the 17th November 2011, Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, at p3, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_17nov2011.pdf
  28. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting held on the 17th November 2011, Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, at p3-4, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_17nov2011.pdf
  29. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting, held on the 16 February 2012, Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, at p4, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_16feb2012.pdf
  30. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum Meeting, held on the 23 August 2012, Secunda Lillian Ngoyi Center, at p3, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/waterval_forum_minutes_23aug2012.pdf
  31. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting, held on the 21 February 2014, Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, at p4-5, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/WF_Minutes_21Feb2013.pdf
  32. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum meeting, held on the 21 February 2014, Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, at p4-5, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/WF_Minutes_21Feb2013.pdf
  33. Minutes of the Waterval Catchment Forum  meeting, held on the 23 May 2013, Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, at p4-5, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/WF_Minutes_23May2013.pdf
  34. Minutes, 22 August 2013, Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, Secunda, at p3, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/WF_Minutes_22Aug2013.pdf
  35. Minutes, 22 August 2013, Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, Secunda, at p4, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/WF_Minutes_22Aug2013.pdf
  36. Minutes, 20 February 2014, Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, Secunda, at p3-4, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/WF_Minutes_21Nov2013.pdf
  37. Minutes, 22 May 2014, Govan Mbeki Muncipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, Secunda, at p3, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/WF_Minutes_22May2014.pdf
  38. Minutes 21 August 2014, Govan Mbeki Municipality, Lillian Ngoyi Center, Secunda, at p3, available at http://www.reservoir.co.za/forums/vaaldam/waterval_forum/waterval_forum_minutes/WF_Minutes_21Aug2014.pdf
  39. ‘Dirty business’ Sasol under fire, Fin24, 2009-12-11, available at http://www.fin24.com/Companies/Dirty-business-Sasol-under-fire-20091211 (last accessed on 7 August 2015).
  40. Stock farmer fights Sasol over pollution, News24, 2014-12-14, available at  http://www.news24.com/Archives/City-Press/Stock-farmer-fights-Sasol-over-pollution-20150429 (last accessed on 7 August 2015).
  41. Water affairs silenced as sewage flows, Mail & Guardian, 31 July 2015, available at http://mg.co.za/article/2015-07-30-water-affairs-silenced-as-sewage-flows (last accessed on 7 August 2015).
  42. http://cer.org.za/news/joint-media-release-sasol-withdraws-ill-conceived-litigation-against-the-state-to-set-aside-air-quality-standards (last accessed on 7 August 2015).